Direct
dan Indirect Speech
Ketika
kita merubah kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, ada beberapa hal
yang mengalami perubahan diantaranya perubahan struktur kalimat, tensis,
pronoun (kata ganti orang), keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and
place).
Sebelum melangkah jauh ke sub-pembahasan tersebut di atas, alangkah baiknya ada juga mengerti tentang apa yang dimaksud Reporting Speech dan Reported Speech.
Reporting Speech adalah bagian dalam kalimat direct speech yang di tandai oleh tanda petik (") dan di akhiri oleh tanda petik (").
- He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."
- He asked me, "why do you come late."
Sedangkan
Reported Speech adalah baigan awal dari kalimat direct speech.
- He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."
- He asked me, "why do you come late."
1.
Perubahan Stuktur kalimat
Jika
kita lihat pada kalimat direct speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu
terdapat tanda petik ("). Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering
digunakan untuk membedakan mana yang direct atau yang indirect.
Ketika
klimat direct speech tersebut dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda
petik tersebut pun dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata "that"
atau "to" (untuk kalimat perintah). Misalnya:
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
He said, "I
have a present for you in my bag."
|
He said that
he had a present for me in his bag.
|
02
|
He asked me, "why
do you come late."
|
He asked me
why I came late.
|
03
|
He orderd me, "don't
bring a bag."
|
He ordered me to
didn't bring a bag.
|
Perubahan
struktur kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat
tanya, maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita).
Untuk
kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan kalimat tanya "yes-no
question" maka akan dirubah menjadi if/whether. Contohnya:
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
They asked me,
"Do you want to join us to play football?"
|
They asked me if/whether
I want to join them to play football.
|
02
|
He asked me,
"Does she want to mary me?"
|
He asked me if/whether
she wants to mary her.
|
Untuk
kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When,
WHere, How), maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai
berikut:
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
He asked me,
"why do you come late?"
|
He asked me
why you came late.
|
02
|
He asked me,
"what does she eat?"
|
He asked me
what she ate.
|
03
|
He asked me,
"when did you come?"
|
He asked me
when I came.
|
04
|
He asked me,
"who are you?"
|
He asked me
who I was.
|
05
|
He asked me,
"who is she?"
|
He asked me
who she was.
|
2.
Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)
Seperti
yang dijelaskan dimuka, perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis
yang digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk
itu, penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah dimengerti.
Di
bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
Simple Present
|
Simple Past
|
02
|
Present
Continuous
|
Past
Continuous
|
03
|
Present Future
|
Past Future
|
04
|
Present
Perfect
|
Past Perfect
|
05
|
Present
Perfect Continuous
|
Past Perfect
Continuous
|
06
|
Simple Past
|
Past Perfect
|
07
|
Past Continuous
|
Past Perfect
Continuous
|
Atau
bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
V1 (eat)
|
V2 (ate)
|
02
|
V2 (ate)
|
Had + V3 (had
eaten)
|
03
|
Am/is/are
|
Was/were
|
04
|
Do/does
|
Did
|
05
|
Do/does not
|
Did not
|
06
|
Did not
|
Had not + V3
|
07
|
Was/were
|
Had been
|
08
|
Am/is/are +
V-ing
|
Was/were +
V-ing
|
09
|
Was/were
+V-ing
|
Had been +
V-ing
|
10
|
Has/have + V3
|
Had + V3
|
11
|
Will/shall/can/may/must
|
Would/should/could/might/had
to
|
12
|
Could/might/should/would
+ V1/be
|
Could/might/should/would
+ have+ V3/been
|
3.
Perubahan Pronoun
Perubahan
pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di
direct speech (kalimat langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun
pada indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung).
- Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We) pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada di reproted speech.
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
He said, ‘I am busy.’
|
He said that he was busy.
|
02
|
She said, ‘I am unwell.’
|
She said that she was
unwell.
|
03
|
I said, ‘I will be late.’
|
I said that I would be
late.
|
04
|
They said, ‘We will not permit
this.’
|
They said that they would not
permit that.
|
05
|
We said, ‘We need to buy some
clothes.’
|
We said that we needed to
buy some clothes.
|
- Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported speech.
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
He said to me,
‘You have to come with me.’
|
He told me
that I had to go with him.
|
02
|
She said to me,
‘You can go.’
|
She told me
that I could go.
|
03
|
She said to him,
‘You can go.’
|
She told him
that he could go.
|
- Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they) pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech.
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
He said, ‘She
is a good girl.’
|
He said that she
was a good girl.
|
02
|
She said, ‘They
have invited us.’
|
She said that they
had invited them.
|
03
|
They said, ‘He
does not have the necessary qualifications.’
|
They said that
he did not have the necessary qualifications.
|
4.
Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place)
Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
Now
|
Then
|
02
|
To day
|
That day
|
03
|
Tomorrow
|
The next day
The day after The following day A day later |
04
|
Next ...
|
The ... after
The following ... |
05
|
Last ...
|
The ... before
The Previous ... |
06
|
... ago
|
... before
... earlier |
07
|
Yesterday
|
The day before
The previous day The preceeding day |
08
|
The day before
yesterday
|
Two day before
|
09
|
Here
|
There
|
10
|
This
|
That
|
11
|
These
|
Those
|
Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman mengenai penjelasan di atas.
Direct Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
(+)
|
He said, “I
have a present for you in my bag. here”
|
He said that
he had a present for me in his bag there.
|
(-)
|
He said, “I do not have a present for you in my bag” |
He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag. |
(?)
|
He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my bag?” |
He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag. |
(?)
|
He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag? |
He asked
me why he had to have a present for me in his bag.
|
(!)
|
He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag here now!” |
He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then. |
(!)
|
He ordered me,
“Don’t bring your bag here!”
|
He ordered me
not to bring my bag there.
|
Contoh Direct dan
Indirect Speech:
Reporting
|
Contoh Direct
Speech
|
Contoh Indirect
Speech
|
Statement
|
“I’m not hungry now.”
(Saya tidak lapar sekarang.) |
He said that he was not hungry at that time.
|
Imperative
|
“Do not touch my computer!”
(Jangan sentuh komputerku!) |
She told me not to touch her computer.
|
Yes-no question
|
“Did you eat my cake?”
(Apakah kamu makan kueku?) |
She wanted to know if I ate her cake.
|
Information request
|
“Who is the winner?”
(Siapa pemenangnya?) |
He asked me who the winner was.
|
Cara Mengubah Direct
Menjadi Indirect Speech
Pada
dasarnya, direct diubah menjadi indirect speech dengan
menghilangkan tanda baca kutip, menghilangkan huruf kapital didalam kalimat,
menambahkan that (optional), mengubah pronoun (menjadi orang
ketiga), memodifikasi verb, mengoreksi time reference (waktu
yang disebutkan dalam pembicaraan) dan/atau menambahkan whether
atau if (conditional) .
Berikut adalah beberapa penjelasannya .
Perbandingan
time references pada direct dan indirect speech adalah
sebagai berikut.
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
here
|
there
|
last month/year
|
the month/year before, the preceding month/year, the
previous month/year
|
next month/year
|
a month/year later, the following month/year, the next
month/year
|
now
|
at that time, then
|
today
|
that day
|
tomorrow
|
a day later, the following/next day
|
yesterday
|
the day before, the previous day
|
two days/weeks ago
|
two days/weeks before, two days/weeks earlier
|
Contoh perubahan time
reference:
Contoh Direct
Speech
|
Contoh Indirect
Speech
|
“Will I receive the packet tomorrow?”
(Akankah saya menerima paket tsb besok?) |
He asked if he would receive the packet the following
day.
|
“I have to return the book two days ago.”
(Saya harus mengembalikan buku tsb dua hari lalu.) |
She said that she had to return the book two days
earlier.
|
Menambahkan whether
atau if
Whether atau if ditambahkan
untuk menyampaikan kalimat yes-no question yang telah didengar
sebelumnya. Yes-no question merupakan bentuk pertanyaan yang membutuhkan
jawaban yes atau no.
Contoh Direct dan
Indirect Speech:
Contoh Direct
Speech
|
Contoh Indirect
Speech
|
Keterangan
|
“Do you have a little time?”
(Apa kamu punya sedikit waktu?) |
He asked me if I had a little time.
|
Jawaban dari pertanyaan pada direct speech: Yes,
I do atau No, I don’t
|
“Have you heard the news?”
(Sudahkah kamu mendengar berita tsb?) |
She wanted to know whether I had heard the news.
|
Jawaban dari pertanyaan pada direct speech: Yes,
I have atau No, I haven’t
|
Soal Bahasa Inggris mengenai Materi
Direct to Indirect Speech
Change from Direct to Indirect Speech1. “Nestor said, “”The plane will probably get in late.”"”
(a) Nestor told the plane would probably get in late.
(b) Nestor said the plane would probably get in late.
(c) Don’t Know
2. “The boss said, “” I have to finish this report by tonight.”"”
(a) The boss said him had to finish this report by tonight.
(b) The boss said he had to finish this report by tonight.
(c) Don’t Know
3. “The doctor said, “” She’ll get well quickly.”"”
(a) The doctor told she’d get well quickly.
(b) The doctor said she’d get well quickly.
(c) Don’t Know
4. “The teacher said, “” Everyone has to write a 500 word essay for tomorrow.”"”
(a) The teacher told everyone had to write a 500 word essay for tomorrow.
(b) The teacher said everyone had to write a 500 word essay for tomorrow.
(c) Don’t Know
5. “Ricardo said, “” I saw that movie last week.”"”
(a) Ricardo told he had seen that movie last week.
(b) Ricardo said he had seen that movie last week.
(c) Don’t Know
6. “Ulises said, “”I’ve read that book.”"”
(a) Ulises said he had read that book.
(b) Ulises told he had read that book.
(c) Don’t Know
7. “Suzana said to her boyfriend, “”I can’t go tonight.”"”
(a) Suzana told her boyfriend she couldn’t go tonight.
(b) Suzana said her boyfriend she couldn’t go tonight.
(c) Don’t Know
8. “France said to me, “”I’ll finish this tomorrow.”"”
(a) France say me he’d finish this tomorrow.
(b) France told me he’d finish this tomorrow.
(c) Don’t Know
9. “She said to him, “”The lights aren’t working.”"”
(a) She say him the lights weren’t working.
(b) She told him the lights weren’t working.
(c) Don’t Know
10. “I said to the waitress, “”This bill is wrong.”"”
(a)I telling the waitress this bill is wrong.
(b) I told the waitress this bill is wrong.
(c) Don’t Know
JAWABAN SOAL BAHASA INGGRIS
1. b
2. b
3. b
4. b
5. b
6. a
7. a
8. b
9. b
10. b
Pengertian
Noun Clause
Nouns clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai nomina. Atau dengan kata lain noun
clause juga digunakan atau memiliki fungsi yang sama sebagai noun (kata benda). Karena fungsinya sebagai
nomina, maka noun clause dapat
berfungsi sebagai: subject kalimat (subject of a sentence), object verba transitif (object of a transitive verb), object preposisi (object of a preposition), pelengkap (complement), dan pemberi keterangan tambahan (noun in apposition). Untuk lebih jelasnya, silahkan perhatikan
contoh-contoh di bawah ini.
Fungsi dan Contoh Noun Clause
1. Noun clause sebagai subject
kalimat (subject of a sentence)
Contoh kalimat:
What you said
doesn’t convince me at all.
(Apa yang kamu katakan tidak meyakinkan
aku sama sekali)
How he becomes so rich
makes people curious.
(Bagaimana dia menjadi begitu kaya
membuat orang-orang menjadi penasaran)
What the salesman has said
is untrue.
(Apa yang sudah dikatakan oleh pedagang
itu tidak benar)
That the world is round
is a fact.
(Bahwa bumi itu bulat adalah suatu
kenyataan)
2. Noun clause sebagai object verba
transitif (object of a transitive verb)
Contoh kalimat:
I know what you mean.
(Saya tahu apa yang kamu maksud)
I don’t understand what he is talking about.
(Saya tidak
mengerti apa yang sedang dia bicarakan)
Please tell me what happened.
(Tolong katakana
pada saya apa yang terjadi)
He said that his son would study in Australia.
(Dia mengatakan bahwa puteranya akan belajar di Australi)
Verb (kata kerja) yang dapat diikuti oleh noun clause, dalam hal ini
diikuti frase “that-clause” antara
lain:
Admit: mengakui
Realize: menyadari
Announce: mengumumkan
Recommend: menganjurkan
Believe: percaya
Remember: mengingat
Deny: menyangkal
Reveal: menyatakan, mengungkapkan.
Expect: mengharapkan
Say: mengatakan
See: melihat
Forget: lupa
Stipulate: menetapkan
Hear: mendengar
Suggest: menganjurkan
Inform: memberitahukan
Suppose: mengira
Know: mengetahui, tahu
Think: berpikiri, berpendapat.
Promise: berjanji
Understand: mengerti, memahami
Propose: mengusulkan
Wish: berharap
3. Noun clause sebagai object
preposisi (object of a preposition)
Contoh kalimat:
Please listen to what your teacher is saying.
(Tolong dengarkan
apa yang sedang di bicarakan gurumu)
Be careful of what you’re doing.
(Hati-hati dengan
apa yang sedang kamu lakukan)
4. Noun clause sebagai
pelengkap (complement)
Contoh kalimat:
The good news is that the culprit has been put into the jail.
(Kabar baiknya
adalah pelaku kejahatannya sudah dimasukkan ke penjara)
This is what I want.
(Ini adalah apa
yang aku inginkan)
That is what you need.
(Itu adalah apa
yang kamu butuhkan)
5. Noun clause sebagai pemberi
keterangan tambahan (noun in apposition)
Contoh kalimat:
The idea that people can live without oxygen is unreasonable.
(Ide/ gagasan
bahwa orang dapat hidup tanpa oksigen itu tidak masuk akal)
The fact that Adam always comes late doesn’t surprise me.
(Kenyataan bahwa
Adam selalu datang terlambat tidak mengejutkan saya)
Pengertian Noun Clause
- Noun Clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda).
- Klausa kata benda ini dapat berfungsi sebagai subject maupun object didalam suatu clause atau phrase lain.
- Karena berfungsi sebagai kata benda, maka dapat digantikan dengan pronoun “it“.
Contoh:
- I forgot the fact. (noun)
- I forgot it. (pronoun)
- I forgot that the fact was very important. (noun clause)
Rumus Noun Clause
Noun
clause dapat diawali oleh noun clause markers berupa question
word, if atau whether, dan that. Adapun contoh noun
clause pada clause lain beserta detail marker-nya dapat
dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.
Marker
|
Detail
|
Contoh Noun
Clause dalam Kalimat
|
Question Word
|
Question word:
what(ever), what (time, kind, day, etc), who(ever), whose, whom(ever), which(ever), where(ever), when(ever), how (long, far, many times, old, etc) |
The class listened carefully what the teacher
instructed.
(Seluruh kelas mendengarkan dengan teliti apa yang guru instruksikan.) |
The kitten followed wherever the woman went.
(Anak kucing mengikuti kemanapun wanita itu pergi.) |
||
Many people imagine how many time the man was failed
before success.
(Banyak orang membayangkan berapa kali pria itu gagal sebelum sukses.) |
||
if
atau whether
|
biasanya digunakan untuk kalimat jawaban dari pertanyaan yes-no
question
|
Where does Andy live?
(Dimana Andy tinggal?)I wonder if he lives in West Jakarta. (Saya pikir dia tinggal di Jakarta Barat.) |
Is Andy live on Dewi Sartika Street?
(Apakah Andy tinggal di jalan Dewi Sartika?)I don’t know if he live on Dewi Sartika Street or not.
atau
I
don’t know whether or not he lives on Dewi Sartika street.
(Saya tidak tahu jika dia tinggal di jalan Sartika atau tidak.) |
||
that
|
biasanya that-clause untuk mental activity.
Berikut daftar verb
pada main clause yang biasanya diikuti that-clause:assume,
believe, discover, dream, guess, hear, hope, know, learn, notice, predict,
prove, realize, suppose, suspect, think
|
I think that the group will arrive in an hour.
(Saya pikir rombongan itu akan tiba dalam satu jam.) |
Many people proved that the man was a big liar.
(Banyak orang membuktikan bahwa pria itu pembohong besar.) |
Fungsi Noun Clause
Berikut
adalah contoh kalimat dari setiap fungsi noun clause.
Fungsi
|
Contoh Noun
Clause dalam Kalimat
|
Subject of a Verb
|
What she cooked was delicious.
|
That today is his birthday is not right.
|
|
Subject complement
|
The fact is that she is smart and dilligent.
|
A teacher must be whoever is patient.
|
|
Object of a Verb
|
Diana believes that her life will be happier.
|
I want to know how Einstein thought.
|
|
Object of a preposition
|
The girl comes from where many people there live in
poverty.
|
He will attend the party with whichever fits to his
body.
|
SOAL
1.
....................was ringing continuously for hours.
(A) Loudly
(B) In the morning
(C) The phone
(D) The bells
Analisa:
· Kalimat di atas memiliki Verb yaitu was ringing, tapi tidak memilikiSubject.
Dari pilihan jawaban; (A) Loudly dan (B) In the morning salah karena keduanya adalah adverb.Jawaban (D) The bells juga salah karena bells adalah pluraldan tidak sesuai dengan wasringing yang berbentuk singular verb. Jawaban terbaik adalah (C) The phone karena phonesingular verbdan sesuai dengan singular verb was ringing.
2.
Newspapers _______ every morning and every evening.
(A) delivery
(B) are delivered
(C) on time
(D) regularly
Analisa:
· Kalimat diatas memiliki Subject yaitu Newspapers, tapi tidak memilikiVerb.
· Jawaban (A) delivery, (C) on time dan (D) regularly adalah salah karena mereka bukan subject.Jawaban (B) are delivered benar karena mereka adalah verb.
3.
The plane __________ landing at the airport in five
minutes.
(A) it is
(B) it really is
(C) is descending
(D) will be
Analisa:
· Kalimat diatas memiliki Subject The plane dan kata kerja landing. Tapi kata kerja landing belumlengkap (not complete verb) dan harus memiliki tobe is untuk menjadikan kata kerja itu kata kerjayang lengkap (complete verb).
· Jawaban (A) it is dan (B) it really is salah karena akan ada double Subject it dan plane. Jawaban(C) is descending salah karena ada double subject descending dan landing.
· Jawaban terbaik adalah (D) will be karena kalau will be di gabungkan dengan landing akan menjadicomplete verb.
4. A dream about falling ______
(A) scary is
(B) is scary
(C) are scary
(D) very scary is
Analisa:
· A dream about falling is scary, karena subjek, A dream, merupakan subjek tunggal danmembutuhkan to be singular yang berperan sebagai verbs untukcomplements adjectives, scary.
5. _____ this blog on july 14th 2009
(A) launch
(B) launching
(C) launched
(D) will launching
Analisa:
· I launched this blog on July 14th 2009, karena kalimat berbentukpast tense jika dilihatdari modifier time yakni, on July 14th 2009, sehingga jawabannya memerlukan verbs dalam bentuk verb 2 untuk memeuhi aturansimple past tense, jadi jawabannya adalah launched.
1. Last week,
our cat gave birth in the kitchen, but we don’t know where……….…….
a. Is
our cat
b. Our
cat is
c. Our
cat was
d. Was
our cat
2. Now, our cat
is home again and we can’t believe how many…………………
a. Kittens
does she have
b. Kittens
has she
c. She
has kittens
d. Kittens
she has
3. Can you
imagine?
a. How
cute they are
b. How
cute are they
c. How
they are cute
d. Are they
cute?
4. The Kittens
ar so noisy that I can’t hear what……………………
a. Are
saying you
b. That
you are saying
c. Saying
you
d. You
are saying
5. My husband
said…………have to keep them all.
a. Don’t
we
b. That
shouldn’t
c. That
we shouldn’t
d. That
we don’t
Soal
dan Jawaban Bahasa Inggris DIRECT to INDIRECT SPEECH | Belajar Bahasa Inggris
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